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"Mexican in space? Astronomy in Mexico

The previous topic discussed in this space was based on emphasizing the importance of astronomical research that Mexico has had in recent decades, this in line with the international year of astronomy takes in this year. Yesterday was published in the Journal Notimex, a note which mentions the presence of two crews of Mexican origin in the next NASA space flight to take place in late August.

The paper stresses that in recent years has increased the participation of Hispanics in space travel or help in projects developed by NASA. Almost always a "Hispanic" does sobrasalir in academia, published out notes referring to his achievement and above all stressing their Hispanic origin, is the product of being born in a Latin American or descendant of parents or grandparents immigrated Latinos in most cases to the U.S.. What is stress? What Latinos can also use your brain? Which from time to time we have the same intellectual capacity as those originating from the first world? What outstanding Latino working on the "first world"? Of course, Latinos have the same intellectual abilities that any inhabitant of this planet, we can imagine, intuit, propose, develop, and create knowledge as any other, and all that is needed is a social environment that stimulates intellectual development all these skills, an environment that provides every opportunity for any citizen who is interested to engage the academy or art can do, not only has to do with access to quality education, but access to good nutrition from an early age, an ecologically healthy environment, an environment free of violence, repression, and fear. Do we have or rather we are creating the conditions to make thinking people in our Latin countries? or as usual, will we have to continue conforming with notes that highlight as "Hispanic" excel if given all these conditions in the first world?

Latinos as any inhabitant of this planet is named Homo sapiens can create knowledge and practice it whenever it is necessary to its power to do so, as we have now made these two astronauts related Hispanics: is there some day when we no longer news that a native of the "third world" has achievement in science and instead is made reference to his intellectual contribution beyond its origin?

Below we present the note that was published in the Notimex:

Iran two astronauts first Mexican origin in the same trip
Notimex. 26/07/2009

Astronauts John Olivas and Joseph Hernández part of NASA's next mission, which for the first two Hispanics will be together in space and both are of Mexican origin.
is expected to depart in late August near Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, as part of a crew of seven elements in the shuttle Discovery toward the International Space Station (ISS). José Hernández, 47, an electrical engineer, born in French Camp, California whose father is originally from La Piedad, Michoacán, and worked as a farmer in this country, said his trip expected to continue opening the way for other Hispanics.

Speaking to NASA, Hernandez, who will travel as a mission specialist, acknowledged that others such as Franklin Chang-Diaz and Ellen Ochoa was the first man and woman, to open doors for Hispanics NASA. For his part John Danny Olivas, 43, grandson of immigrants who arrived from the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua in the early last century, is a veteran astronaut with 336 hours of space flight. For Olivas will be his second flight on the shuttle Discovery, it was part of the STS-117 mission in 2007.

Commander Rick Sturckow will be the leader of the mission with Kevin Ford as a pilot. The crew are also specialists assigned Patrick Forrester mission, Christer Fuglesang, and Nicole Stott. The primary mission will carry the Leonardo module will serve as a multi-service area and storage of the ERA and to conduct experiments. During the mission, Nicole Stott will remain on the ISS, replacing Timothy Kopra, who returns to Earth after their stay at the space complex. Number 30 will be the mission of a NASA shuttle dedicated to building and maintaining the ISS.

Other Hispanic Puerto Rican astronaut Joseph Acaba, traveled in March to the ISS as part of the STS-119 mission in charge of carrying the last panels solar complex. While Marine Colonel George Zamka, a Colombian, has been appointed to command the STS-130 space shuttle Endeavour, scheduled for 30 December.

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E l 2009 represents the International Year of Astronomy (IYA 2009 ), and thus is held in several different activities. Mexico has an important astronomical history that dates back to prehispanic times, and now we have various centers and institutes dedicated to astronomical research, such as the Institute of Astronomy and Meteorology, University Guadalajara, the Department of Astronomy, University of Guanajuato, Physics Departameno the area of \u200b\u200bastronomy at the University of Sonora, and the Institute of Astronomy, UNAM, to name a few.

First, we must recognize and remember important Mexican astronomers have contributed to the international astronomical knowledge, like Manuel Sandoval Vallarta, one of the pioneers of Mexican and Latin American physics, which developed a quantitative theory of motion of charged particles electricity in the earth's magnetic field. Manuel Sandoval his teachers during his doctoral studies at Albert Einstein, Max Planck Erwin Schrödinger, and worked at MIT with Georges Lamáitre. Other prominent astronomers are Luis Enrique Erro, founder of the astronomical observatory Tonatzintla, Guillermo Haro, director of the National Observatory Tacubaya, who made important contributions in the field of infrared astronomy, Carlos Graef Fernandez, or sisters and Guillermina González Graciela González also worked at the Observatoire de Tonantzintla, and who allowed that Mexico has an important place in international astronomy. Several, astronomers have had and that we have today, and that despite budget constraints and that working conditions are not the same as in other first world countries have developed and contributed to scientific knowledge.

Manuel Sandoval Vallarta

particular, we highlight some of the links on the Internet dedicated to the dissemination of astronomy in Mexico, among them is a blog of the Institute of Astronomy, UNAM updated information, and different about this branch of science. So when leaving them to hang on the Internet, instead of visiting sites that offer nothing to the intellect, better give it a navigated to the following sites:

astronomical Stela (blog of the Institute of Astronomy of UNAM: http://www.institutodeastronomia.blogspot.com/

educational Astronomy (association dedicated to the dissemination of astronomy among children and youth): http:/ / www.astronomia-educativa.org/indiceastronomia.htm

Julieta Fierro Gossman Astronomical Society : http://www.sajfierro.org/index.htm

UNIVERSUM Science Museum : http : / / www.universum.unam.mx/

English site of IYA 2009: http://www.astronomia2009.org.mx/index.htm

Luis Enrique Erro

Advanced Design System

Global Warming Will Lead to Extinction Coral Reef

On several occasions we have published in this space briefing notes regarding the consequences of climate change at the environmental, social and economic and is appropriate to address the negative consequences that have increased CO2 on coral reefs. Coral reefs are marine ecosystems associated with a great diversity of species that depend for their stay very particular conditions of salinity, temperature and ocean depth. There is evidence that small variations in conditions, eg acidity decreases the absorption of calcium carbonate, which directly affects the growth of coral.

global warming is changing the physical conditions of the oceans, and one of the most vulnerable ecosystems, is undoubtedly the coral reefs. Experts in the field, they call upon the international community to inform and raise awareness of the need to curb the amount of C02 is emitted into the atmosphere, thereby preventing the extinction of one of the most imporant marine ecosystems. The predictions are that if CO2 emissions continue to increase at current rates, the reefs will be extinct by the end of this century!

Below you will read the note referring to this item:

scientists foresee death of coral reefs around the world to
century Note: Reuters, 07/07/2009

Oceans increasingly acidic and warm due to carbon dioxide emissions could kill coral reefs worldwide by the end of the century, several scientists warned. Experts said at a meeting in London that the emission rate is projected that by 2050 it will have achieved a level of 450 parts per million of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, which would to corals in the way of extinction for decades.

More than a dozen specialists in coral reefs and climate change gathered on behalf of several universities, government research agencies and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. "The kitchen is on fire and the fire is spreading through the house," he said in a statement Alex Rogers of the Zoological Society of London and the International Programme on the Ocean State. "If we act quickly and decisively we may be able to turn it off before the damage becomes irreversible." afirmó.El ocean absorbs large amounts of CO2 emitted by the burning of fossil fuels. But scientists say the oceans are becoming more acidic as they absorb carbon, which disrupts the process of calcification by which sea creatures build shells and coral reefs. Researchers around the world have been urging governments to take into account the threats to the ocean in the new treaty on combating climate change, which plans approved in December in Copenhagen.

coral reefs are delicate undersea structures resembling rocky gardens built by tiny animals called polyps, and act as important refuges and nursery areas for fish and other marine species. They also protect shorelines, provide a crucial source of food for millions of people, attract tourists and are a potential storehouse of medicines for cancer and other diseases.

"If you allow the CO2 reaches 450 parts per million, and now the target is more optimistic than might be acceptable in Copenhagen, we will put the world's coral reefs on the way to a great degradation and ultimately extinction, "he told the conference John Veron, former chief scientist of the Australian Institute of Marine Science" A catastrophe such as a large threat to the future welfare of humanity, "he said. Would be an acceptable target Governments agreed to a ceiling of 320 parts per million of carbon dioxide, according to scientists, who felt that 360 would mark the limit of survival of the reefs.

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end of the century the Vatican recognizes the value of scientific knowledge

L a relationship between science and religion has always been the subject of much discussion throughout history and in most cases no a point of agreement among those who are for one or another position. For example, to quote the debate between evolutionists (Darwin) and creationists, which almost always ends up going nowhere. However, at present the position of the Catholic Church to science is more open and flexible, having important occasions gerarcas Catholics recognize the value of scientific theories. Recently, Bishop Sergio Pagano, an official in the Vatican publicly acknowledged the risk of religious bias at the major advances in science, and the importance of the parishioners have the discretion to accept the findings in scientific research. Without doubt, the public statements of Bishop Sergio Pagano, is a sign that religion should have the flexibility to not always be subject to immutable dogmas, as when it was believed that the earth was the center of the universe and that old and fruitless discussions between science and religion should be a thing of the past.

Below you will find the full story:


The Vatican must not make the same mistake with Galileo: prelate
Reuters Posted: 02/07/2009 14:03

Church Catholic should not fear scientific progress and possibly make the same mistake when it condemned the astronomer Galileo Galilei in the seventeenth century, said Thursday a senior official of the Vatican in a rare example of self-criticism. Galileo, who lived between 1564 and 1642, was condemned by the Inquisition in 1633 to ensure that the Earth revolved around the sun completely wiped Vatican reputation known as the father of astronomy, until 1992, nearly 360 years after his death.

In a press conference which presented a new volume of documents in the case of Galileo, Monsignor Sergio Pagano, director of the Vatican Secret Archives, said today's Church and Vatican officials can learn of past mistakes and eliminate their lack of confidence in science. "Can this teach us today?" I think it certainly does, "he said in a rare show of self-criticism in the Vatican. "We should be careful when we read the Scriptures and we to deal with scientific issues, not make the same mistake now and then, "he said. "I'm thinking about stem cells, I think of eugenics, I'm thinking of scientific research in these fields. Sometimes I have the impression that they are condemned with the same preconceived ideas that we used the Copernican theory," he added.

The Inquisition, which persecuted the heretics, condemned Galileo for supporting Copernicus astronomer's theory because it clashed with what the Bible said that the earth was fixed. Pagano said that it was necessary for the leaders of today's Church and Vatican officials "Study more, be more prudent to evaluate things," when dealing with advances científicos.El prelate said that while scientists do not assume you can teach the Church about faith, the Church should not fear to address scientific issues " humility and discretion. "

The Catholic Church, along with other religious groups and pro-life advocates oppose embryonic stem cell research, which scientists hope will lead to finding cures for diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's - because it involves destroying embryos.
But the Church supports adult stem cell research, which has made progress in recent years. The relationship between religion and science has been tense and prickly for centuries. For example, Christian churches were long hostile to the theory of Charles Darwin evolution because it conflicted with the biblical account that God created the world in six days.

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Low Risk Indigenous Peoples on Climate Change

Much has been made of the consequences of climate change on the world's most biodiverse ecosystems like the Amazon rain forest, coral reefs, the cloud forests , among others. But rarely is mentioned, in addition to living in these regions mostly indigenous peoples or marginally poor economy that rely heavily on use of resources in these areas. From this perspective, climate change poses a serious threat to the socially vulnerable communities, which as usual, are receiving less government support and attention.

This problem is the central theme that addresses one of the articles that was published today by BBC World. It in may find more extensive and specific examples on the impact of climate change on stability indigenous social .

The Earth Has Fever

Note: Alejandra Martins, BBC World, 07/01/2009

Gonzalo Oviedo is an advisor on social policy International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN for its acronym in English, and coauthor of a report by the organization on the impact of climate change on indigenous peoples. According to the expert, some of the areas most at risk of global warming in Latin America are both areas high human vulnerability, because they live in communities often pushed into marginal areas in poverty, with very little attention from the public sector.

These communities are not only victims of climate change, are also demanding a greater role in designing adaptation strategies. 80% of the world's forests are in areas inhabited by indigenous peoples, according to the United Nations Program for the Environment, and any mechanism for responding to climate change will affect them directly.

From the Andes to Central
For America, "has proven that mountains are very sensitive to climate change. The decline in rainfall leads to a decrease of glaciers and, for example, Peru, in the high mountains has shown a significant decrease in the amount of ice melts into water, giving rise to the rivers, "said Oviedo.

same as the author of the report of the IUCN, has been in "the case of Bolivia in the highlands where the river Lauca what is causing a drought in areas where indigenous peoples live. "something similar is observed in Ecuador, where the volcano Cotopaxi snow melt feeds the sources of water discharged into the valleys, giving rise to rivers with flows now are "dwindling".

In the dry zone of the southern Andes (Bolivia, Peru and northern Chile) "there are communities that are suffering severely from drought, as the Urus, where until now has not done anything, "said Oviedo. In Central America, the problem lies elsewhere: Exposure to extreme weather events such as hurricanes, which originate in the Caribbean. "Particularly the Atlantic coast of Central America is concerned, and that's where he lives, for example, the Miskito people. And in the mountainous area greatly affected by these weather events is also home to indigenous peoples, which in many cases work ecologically fragile lands , on small plots of low fertility. "

Dramatic
Indigenous peoples have traditionally used methods of adaptation to climate variations. In Latin America have very little research traditional coping responses to climate variability, according to Oviedo.

"Indigenous communities in the Andes for centuries have practiced a system of selective use of ecological, moving up or down the mountain, growing for example, most varieties of potato resistant to dry weather and cold in the top and using other crops in the lowlands. " According to Oviedo is an excellent adaptation to climate variability, but it would not be enough if the whole mountain is affected by a severe reduction in the amount of water. In many cases, moreover, communities have lost access rights to land around that range.

have also been traditionally constructed small dams for water harvesting, but local mechanisms would be insufficient to meet the extensive changes that are predicted with global warming. "The problem now is that climate changes at the level of water availability are as dramatic as those systems alone will not work."

traditions and modern techniques
The answer may lie in combining prácticas tradicionales con otras técnicas de eficacia probada, y un ejemplo de que esto es posible es el llamado quesungual, un método de agroforestación desarrollado en Honduras.

El sistema incorpora prácticas tradicionales de las comunidades indígenas lencas, como el cultivo entre árboles que sujetan la tierra, evitando deslizamientos, y elementos más modernos desarrollados en conjunto con técnicos de la FAO, como la no quema de vegetación y la diversificación de cultivos.

Podrían también Latin America adapt to sophisticated techniques of water harvesting, such as the "aflaj" used in arid lands of the Middle East, for example. Highly developed systems of collecting water in Incan times have been lost, says Oviedo, and the current system of using earth wall dams open is doubly problematic: water is lost by seepage and evaporation. In the technique "aflaj" which means sharing the water that falls on top of mountains runs through rock tunnels and stored in underground reservoirs, where it is shared according to strict rules, explains Oviedo.

"Maize homogenized" What message
indigenous peoples want to take the climate change conference to be held in Copenhagen in December? The impact of global warming on indigenous peoples was the focus of a summit this year in Alaska, attended by Latin American representatives.

"Indigenous peoples in Alaska were not to blame anyone, but to heal the Earth. She has a fever because we have sacked their blood, oil, and we have the air as greenhouse gases. But this can cure fever, Felipe says Íñigez, coordinator of Agroecological Movement of Latin America and the Caribbean, MAELA. Iñigez, community Wirrarika (Huichol) or "walking" the state of Jalisco in Mexico, noted that indigenous peoples in their country are suffering particularly from GM crops and the rental of land for large enterprises to chemical agriculture monocultures as biofuels.

"We have a great loss of biodiversity, more than half of all imports of U.S. food comes from our people for thousands of years has lived in the cornfield, an association of crops with the least five different colors of corn to represent the views of the Earth, the food that God has given us. "Dependence on homogenized corn, instead of selected seeds by farmers, makes farmers more vulnerable, and is why the issue should be raised in international forums, says Iñigez. "The original people are not a problem, we are much of the way it has solved problems for thousands of years with great collection of wisdom."

" sacred tree "
One issue that indigenous peoples must take to international forums is the risk of mega development and regional integration BBC warned Egberto Tabo, representing the COICA, Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon Basin, based in Ecuador. The Amazon basin, where more than 400 peoples with different customs and knowledge, is threatened, according Tabo, road projects such as the Manta Manaos, one-way road, he says, has caused deforestation in the Amazon.

Amazonian peoples can also bring their spirituality and through it in a deeper way to feel and react to what is happening in nature. "Every living thing is something for us has something to contribute. A tree is a being that guides us, a very sacred, as well as for white people the Church is a sacred place. "
" moral obligation "Countries" should collect information on traditional forms of adaptation could.

"In our country where we know that there are vulnerable communities, indigenous or not, must make an analysis of the vulnerability of these communities living in poverty also in terms of health. And people undernourished is in good condition to face a disaster situation. " For the expert is essential to work with communities to reduce their vulnerability, as the impacts of climate change "will be growing and the worst is yet to come, be prepared."

According to Oviedo, "all countries have a moral obligation to develop national adaptation plans to climate change is urgent that we all do." And in the design of such plans or agreements on climate change, it appears that indigenous peoples, as victims or finding solutions should not be ignored.